Ice Plant
Ice Plant
How do you get rid of fake web on ice plant?
I would imagine you’d gently pick off all you can and water the remnants, in time, it should decompose…it’s just a mess until then. Hopefully you weren’t the one that put it there, if so, don’t do it again!
Ice Plant
ICE Sights Set on Business
Jerry Erickson
Published: April 8, 2009
As has been widely reported, there are roughly 12 million illegal aliens in the U.S. The reality is that the U.S. government is cracking down on them. Particularly, the government is focusing in on two areas, illegal aliens participating in criminal activities and businesses illegally employing individuals not authorized to work in the U.S. The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has implemented Operation Predator to protect young people from child pornographers, alien smugglers, human traffickers and other predatory criminals. ICE also has similar initiatives that target gang violence, terrorism, human rights violations and intellectual property rights. What you may not know is that the government is also cracking down hard on the businesses that keep illegal aliens employed in the U.S. In case any of the business owners haven’t heard, it’s really important to make sure that your employees are authorized for employment before you allow them to start working.
Several recent cases illustrate just how serious the issue of employing illegal aliens has become. Last year, an investigation by the ICE office led to the arrest and conviction of a restaurant owner in Kentucky. In January 2009, the owner was sentenced to eight months in prison for knowingly employing illegal aliens.
The former CEO and other company managers at a Postville, Iowa meat packing company were charged with conspiracy to harbor illegal aliens after a widely publicized ICE raid at the plant. In addition to criminal charges, the former CEO of the company is facing tens of millions of dollars in fines.
Closer to home, in March 2008, an ICE raid at a concrete company in Manassas resulted in the arrest of 34 illegal workers. The president of the concrete company pled guilty to a pattern or practice of illegal employment of aliens without lawful authority to work in the United States. He was sentenced to one year of probation, and was ordered to pay $122,000 in forfeiture.
In September 2008, a co-owner of El Pollo Rico restaurant in Wheaton, Maryland was sentenced to 15 months in prison, followed by three years of supervised release for money laundering and conspiracy to commit alien harboring in connection with the operation of the restaurant. Along with his sister, he was ordered to forfeit $7.2 million derived from the illegal activities, in addition to numerous items of personal property.
These four cases present very good reasons why employers must be careful about who they hire and also diligent about having their new hires properly fill out the required paperwork. Federal law requires that an employer complete the Form I-9 when hiring a new employee. Part of completing the Form I-9 is that the employer must examine the documents offered by the employee to confirm that an employee is legally authorized to work in the U.S.
In several states, employers must also submit the social security number for all new hires to a federal database (known as E-Verify) for confirmation that the employee is authorized to work. E-Verify is a free Internet-based system operated by the Department of Homeland Security, in partnership with the Social Security Administration (SSA), that allows participating employers to electronically verify the employment eligibility of their newly hired employees. Although E-Verify isn’t mandatory in Virginia (as it is in some states), employers are eligible to voluntarily participate in the program.
So what should an employer do to stay out of trouble? Simply put, do not hire individuals who are not authorized to work in the U.S. The government provides tools such as the Form I-9 and E-Verify to assist employers in hiring legal employees. Staying compliant is not difficult or time consuming, and it’s well worth the effort to make sure that ICE doesn’t come knocking on the door. The government is taking workplace enforcement seriously. The failure of a business to comply could mean fines or jail time.
As the government continues to release compliance programs like E-Verify, the business community needs to be prepared to show it is doing what it can to only hire those persons authorized to work in the U.S. Two practical solutions are to volunteer to participate in E-Verify or to create and implement a system for tracking and maintaining I-9 forms. It’s a given that lawful hiring practices must be embraced by the business community. Diligently making sure that the Form I-9 requirements are met is one of the best defenses against ICE paying an unexpected visit.
The above information is provided for informational purposes only. The information should not be construed as legal advice and does not constitute an engagement of the Szabo, Zelnick & Erickson, P.C. law firm or establish an attorney-client relationship with any of its attorneys. An attorney-client relationship with our firm is only created by signing a written agreement with our firm.
About the Author
Jerry Erickson is the managing partner of Szabo, Zelnick, & Erickson, P.C. www.szelaw.com and the senior attorney in the firm’s Business Immigration Section. He has practiced law for over twenty years and represents clients in numerous complex areas of immigration law. He can be reached at jerickson@szelaw.com.
Jerry has been a partner with the firm since 1989. Prior to joining the firm, Jerry was selected for a Judicial Clerkship in 1984 to work for the Judges of the Circuit Court of Prince William County.
The Prince William County Bar Association has previously elected Jerry to serve as one of its members on the Judicial Selection Committee. He has also been selected to lecture on behalf of the Virginia State Bar on issues related to ethics and professionalism.
Jerry received his Bachelor’s Degree from George Mason University in 1981 and his Juris Doctor from George Mason School of Law in 1984. He has been a member of the Virginia State Bar Association since 1984 and is a member of the American Immigration Lawyers Association, the International Business Committee and the Virginia State Bar International Practice Section. He is admitted to practice in the U. S. District Courts and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit as well as the U.S. Supreme Court.
Why are measurements of CO2 different in plant stomata than they are from ice cores?
Which is more reliable? Please provide a source of information.
Ice core data provide a low-frequency estimate of atmospheric CO2 variations of the glacial/interglacial cycles of the Pleistocene. However, the ice cores seriously underestimate the variability of interglacial CO2 levels.
Plant stomata data show that ice cores do not resolve past decadal and century scale CO2 variations that were of comparable amplitude and frequency to the rise since 1860.
Stomata data are “noisier” and not all taxa are equally responsive to CO2 variations. Local variability can be very high.
Neither one is really more reliable to than the other. It’s kind of like the difference between a woofer (ice cores) and a tweeter (stomata).
The advantage to the ice core method is that it provides a continuous record of relative CO2 changes going back in time 800,000 years, with a resolution ranging from annual in the shallow section to multi-decadal in the deeper section. Pleistocene-age ice core records seem to indicate a strong correlation between CO2 and temperature; although the delta-CO2 lags behind the delta-T by an average of 800 years.
Stomata are microscopic pores found in leaves and the stem epidermis of plants. They are used for gas exchange. The stomatal density in some C3 plants will vary inversely with the concentration of atmospheric CO2. Stomatal density can be empirically tested and calibrated to CO2 changes over the last 60 years in living plants. The advantage to the stomatal data is that the relationship of the Stomatal Index and atmospheric CO2 can be empirically demonstrated.
When stomata-derived CO2 is compared to ice core-derived CO2, the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores. Plant stomata suggest that the pre-industrial CO2 levels were commonly in the 360 to 390ppmv range.
Ice cores and GEOCARB provide continuous long-term records; while plant stomata records are discontinuous and limited to fossil stomata that can be accurately aged and calibrated to extant plant taxa. GEOCARB yields a very low frequency record, ice cores have better resolution and stomata can yield very high frequency data. Modern CO2 levels are unspectacular according to GEOCARB, unprecedented according to the ice cores and not anomalous according to plant stomata. So which method provides the most accurate reconstruction of past atmospheric CO2?
The problems with the ice core data are 1) the air-age vs. ice-age delta and 2) the effects of burial depth on gas concentrations.
The age of the layers of ice can be fairly easily and accurately determined. The age of the air trapped in the ice is not so easily or accurately determined. Currently the most common method for aging the air is through the use of “firn densification models” (FDM). Firn is more dense than snow; but less dense than ice. As the layers of snow and ice are buried, they are compressed into firn and then ice. The depth at which the pore space in the firn closes off and traps gas can vary greatly… So the delta between the age of the ice and the ago of the air can vary from as little as 30 years to more than 2,000 years.
I have a lot of doubts about the accuracy of the FDM method. I somehow doubt that the air at a depth of 99 meters is last year’s air. Gas doesn’t tend to migrate downward through sediment… Being less dense than rock and water, it migrates upward. That’s why oil and gas are almost always a lot older than the rock formations in which they are trapped. I do realize that the contemporaneous atmosphere will permeate down into the ice… But it seems to me that at depth, there would be a mixture of air permeating downward, in situ air, and older air that had migrated upward before the ice fully “lithified”.
A recent study (Van Hoof et al., 2005) demonstrated that the ice core CO2 data essentially represent a low-frequency, century to multi-century moving average of past atmospheric CO2 levels.
It appears that the ice core data represent a long-term, low-frequency moving average of the atmospheric CO2 concentration; while the stomata yield a high frequency component.
The stomata data routinely show that atmospheric CO2 levels were higher than the ice cores do. Plant stomata data from the previous interglacial (Eemian/Sangamonian) were higher than the ice cores indicate.
Kouwenberg et al., 2005 found that a “stomatal frequency record based on buried Tsuga heterophylla needles reveals significant centennial-scale atmospheric CO2 fluctuations during the last millennium.”
Plant stomata data show much greater variability of atmospheric CO2 over the last 1,000 years than the ice cores and that CO2 levels have often been between 300 and 340ppmv over the last millennium, including a 120ppmv rise from the late 12th Century through the mid 14th Century.
Angeli Rosales: Ice Plant In Mulanay
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